RAC环境下,初始化参数文件与但实例下参数文件有些异同,主要表现在初始化参数可以为多个实例公用,也可以单独设置各个实例的初始化参数。对于那些非共用的初始化参数则必须要单独设置,而共用的则可以单独设置,但一般不建议这么用。本文描述RAC 环境下参数文件(spfile)的相关管理工作。
1、参数文件的位置
SQL> show parameter instance_name
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
instance_name string ora10g1
SQL> show parameter spfile;
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile string +DG1/ora10g/spfileora10g.ora
SQL> show parameter instance_name
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
instance_name string ora10g2
SQL> show parameter spfile
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile string +DG1/ora10g/spfileora10g.ora
SQL> show parameter cluster
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
cluster_database boolean TRUE
cluster_database_instances integer 2
oracle@bo2dbp:~> cd /u01/oracle/admin/ora10g
oracle@bo2dbp:/u01/oracle/admin/ora10g> ls
adump bdump cdump dpdump hdump pfile udump
oracle@bo2dbp:/u01/oracle/admin/ora10g> cd pfile
oracle@bo2dbp:/u01/oracle/admin/ora10g/pfile> ls -hltr
total 4.0K
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 2.7K 2012-09-27 12:12 init.ora.8272012121245
oracle@bo2dbp:/u01/oracle/admin/ora10g/pfile> cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
oracle@bo2dbp:/u01/oracle/db/dbs> ls *.ora
init+ASM1.ora initdw.ora initGOBO1A_tmp.ora initGOBO4A.ora init.ora initora10g1.ora
oracle@bo2dbp:/u01/oracle/db/dbs> more initora10g1.ora
SPFILE='+DG1/ora10g/spfileora10g.ora'
oracle@bo2dbs:/u01/oracle/db/dbs> more initora10g2.ora
SPFILE='+DG1/ora10g/spfileora10g.ora'
#由上面的查询可知RAC环境下的参数文件通常都存放在RAW或者ASM中,缺省路径为$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/init{ORACLE_SID}.ora
#各个实例只是存放pfile文件,pfile文件的内容是指向spfile文件的位置,即告诉,兄弟,你去xx去找那个spfile吧,哈哈,,,
#注,Oracle数据库启动时会先找spfile${ORACLE_SID.ora},如果对应的spfile不存在则找spfile.ora
#如果spfile.ora找不到,则找相应的pfile(init{ORACLE_SID}.ora)
#那,要是都找不到呢,那就是用缺省的init.ora尝试启动实例
2、参数文件的备份
参数文件备份的方式有很多种,一般情况下当启用了RMAN自动备份控制文件时,会自动备份参数文件。
其次是手工备份参数文件,这种方式通常是将spfile内容转换为pfile,说简单点,转为文本文件保存,文件名任意。
建议在修改参数文件之前先手工备份参数文件,使用命令: create pfile=['<dir>'] from spfile;
注,单实例情形下,如果使用spfile文件启动实例,可以通过上面的方式直接备份,RAC环境下这么干,那就把pfile文件给覆盖了
因此,RAC环境下建议为pfile文件指定不同的文件名。如当前为initora10g1.ora,则可以指定为initora10g1.ora.bak
SQL> create pfile='/u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora.bak' from spfile;
File created.
SQL> ho ls /u01/oracle/db/dbs/*ora10g*
/u01/oracle/db/dbs/hc_ora10g1.dat /u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora.bak
/u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora /u01/oracle/db/dbs/orapwora10g1
SQL> ho more /u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora.bak
ora10g2.__db_cache_size=142606336
ora10g1.__db_cache_size=163577856
ora10g1.__java_pool_size=4194304
ora10g2.__java_pool_size=4194304
ora10g1.__large_pool_size=4194304
ora10g2.__large_pool_size=4194304
ora10g2.__shared_pool_size=180355072
ora10g1.__shared_pool_size=159383552
ora10g1.__streams_pool_size=0
ora10g2.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/u01/oracle/admin/ora10g/adump'
*.background_dump_dest='/u01/oracle/admin/ora10g/bdump'
*.cluster_database_instances=2
*.cluster_database=true
*.compatible='10.2.0.3.0'
*.control_files='+DG2/ora10g/controlfile/current.286.795096347',
'+REV/ora10g/controlfile/current.295.795096347'
*.core_dump_dest='/u01/oracle/admin/ora10g/cdump'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_create_file_dest='+DG2'
*.db_domain=''
*.db_file_multiblock_read_count=16
*.db_name='ora10g'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='+REV'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=2147483648
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ora10gXDB)'
ora10g2.instance_number=2
ora10g1.instance_number=1
*.job_queue_processes=10
ora10g1.local_listener='local_lsnr_ora10g1'
ora10g2.local_listener='local_lsnr_ora10g2'
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=112197632
*.processes=150
*.remote_listener='REMOTE_LSNR_ORA10G'
*.remote_login_passwordfile='exclusive'
*.sga_target=337641472
ora10g2.thread=2
ora10g1.thread=1
*.undo_management='AUTO'
ora10g2.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS2'
ora10g1.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
*.user_dump_dest='/u01/oracle/admin/ora10g/udump'
对于上面的参数文件里列出的信息,如果参数前面带有星号,则表明当前的参数为共用参数,前面有实例名的则为实例参数
3、参数文件的修改
参数文件中参数修改方式如下:
alter system|session set parametername = values scope = memory | spfile |both sid = 'sid' | ‘*’;
scope
memory : 只对当前有效,下次启动则失效
spfile : 只对spfile 修改,必须经过下一次启动才生效,当前的实例没有修改
both :内存与参数文件都将修改,当不指定scope时,缺省为both.
system | session
system : system级别有效,影响整个系统及所有使用者
session : 仅当前session有效,一旦退出之后将实效
'sid' | ‘*’
这个在RAC环境下使用的较为频繁,指定sid_name则当前指定的实例生效,如果指定 '*',则所有实例生效
注,缺省情况下为sid='*',因此修改是不要忘了,如果没有指定sid,则RAC上的所有实例都会被修改
下面是修改示例
SQL> show parameter instance_name
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- -------------------
instance_name string ora10g1
SQL> show parameter pga
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- -------------------
pga_aggregate_target big integer 107M
SQL> alter system set pga_aggregate_target=100m scope=both sid='ora10g1'; -->将ora10g1的pga改为100m
System altered.
SQL> alter system set pga_aggregate_target=90m sid='ora10g2'; -->将ora10g2的pga改为90m
System altered.
SQL> show parameter pga -->当前的pga已经被改为100m
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
pga_aggregate_target big integer 100M
SQL> conn system/oracle@ora10g2 -->连接到实例 ora10g2
Connected.
SQL> show parameter instance_name
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
instance_name string ora10g2
SQL> show parameter pga -->此时pga的值显示为90m
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
pga_aggregate_target big integer 90M
SQL> create pfile='/u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora.emp' from spfile;
create pfile='/u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora.emp' from spfile
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges -->缺乏权限,因为当前连接的是instance ora10g2
SQL> conn system/oracle@ora10g1
Connected.
SQL> create pfile='/u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora.tmp' from spfile;
File created.
SQL> ho cat /u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora.tmp |grep pga
*.pga_aggregate_target=112197632 #新的pfile文件中同时存在pga的值
ora10g1.pga_aggregate_target=104857600 #有两个指定了实例名,此时谁生效呢?我们前面已经查询出了结果
ora10g2.pga_aggregate_target=94371840 #同一参数,有实例名的值将优先有带*的参数值
SQL> alter system reset pga_aggregate_target sid='ora10g1';-->使用reset方式重置pga,或恢复缺省值
-->如果需要保留两个新改的参数,建议reset之前的共用参数以避免混淆
System altered. -->在reset原来的参数时,不指定sid或sid='*'
SQL> show parameter pga
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
pga_aggregate_target big integer 100M
SQL> conn system/oracle@ora10g2
Connected.
SQL> alter system reset pga_aggregate_target sid='ora10g2';
System altered.
#Author : Robinson
SQL> show parameter pga
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
pga_aggregate_target big integer 90M
oracle@bo2dbp:~> srvctl stop instance -d ora10g -i ora10g1
oracle@bo2dbp:~> srvctl start instance -d ora10g -i ora10g1
SQL> show parameter instance_name
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- -------------------
instance_name string ora10g1
SQL> show parameter pga
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- -------------------
pga_aggregate_target big integer 107M
4、spfile文件位置的修改
SQL> show parameter spfile;
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile string +DG1/ora10g/spfileora10g.ora
SQL> create spfile='+REV/ORA10G/spfileora10g.ora'
2 from pfile='/u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora.bak';
File created.
SQL> ho echo "spfile='+REV/ORA10G/spfileora10g.ora'" >/u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora
SQL> ho more /u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g1.ora
spfile='+REV/ORA10G/spfileora10g.ora'
SQL> startup force;
SQL> show parameter spfile;
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile string +REV/ora10g/spfileora10g.ora
SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> exit
oracle@bo2dbp:~> ssh bo2dbs
Last login: Fri Sep 28 15:42:59 2012 from 192.168.1.108
oracle@bo2dbs:~> echo "spfile='+REV/ORA10G/spfileora10g.ora'" >/u01/oracle/db/dbs/initora10g2.ora
oracle@bo2dbs:~> srvctl stop database -d ora10g
oracle@bo2dbs:~> srvctl start database -d ora10g
oracle@bo2dbs:~> export ORACLE_SID=ora10g2
oracle@bo2dbs:~> sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> show parameter pfile; -->查看时还是使用之前的spfile文件
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile string +DG1/ora10g/spfileora10g.ora
oracle@bo2dbs:~> srvctl config database -d ora10g -a
bo2dbp ora10g1 /u01/oracle/db
bo2dbs ora10g2 /u01/oracle/db
DB_NAME: ora10g
ORACLE_HOME: /u01/oracle/db
SPFILE: +DG1/ora10g/spfileora10g.ora
DOMAIN: null
DB_ROLE: null
START_OPTIONS: null
POLICY: AUTOMATIC
ENABLE FLAG: DB ENABLED
#下面将参数文件路径更新到ocr,此时数据库并未shutdown,生产环境建议先停止数据库然后再修改
oracle@bo2dbs:~> srvctl modify database -d ora10g -p '+REV/ORA10G/spfileora10g.ora'
oracle@bo2dbs:~> srvctl stop database -d ora10g
oracle@bo2dbs:~> srvctl config database -d ora10g -a
bo2dbp ora10g1 /u01/oracle/db
bo2dbs ora10g2 /u01/oracle/db
DB_NAME: ora10g
ORACLE_HOME: /u01/oracle/db
SPFILE: +REV/ORA10G/spfileora10g.ora
DOMAIN: null
DB_ROLE: null
START_OPTIONS: null
POLICY: AUTOMATIC
ENABLE FLAG: DB ENABLED
oracle@bo2dbs:~> srvctl start database -d ora10g
oracle@bo2dbs:~> sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> show parameter spfile;
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
spfile string +REV/ora10g/spfileora10g.ora
#使用srvctl start启动时,不会依赖类似于单实例环境或rac环境下的sqlplus启动数据库时按顺序寻找spfile文件,
#而是直接根据ocr中spfile文件位置启动数据库。
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